TFY-CHAPTER 7 Summary

1.Evaluations make judgments about worth on the basis of standards that may be conscious or unconscious.
2.Evaluations can help us react quickly to situationd in which our survival is at stake .
3.Evaluations are not facts.
4.Premature evaluations are hasty evaluations that contain unexamined or faulty support.
5.Feelings and expectations affect both our perceptions and our evaluations.
6.All of us need to learn how to make fair and sound evaluations because they affect our livers constantly.
7.Connotative words convey evaluations that can be used to sway our opinions.
8.Evaluations are used in advertising and journalism to persuade us, sometimes hynotically ,to make positive associations with products and purchase them.
9.Critical thinking requires that we stay alert to manipulative advertising techniques that are most effective when we can be enticed to enter into a trance state.
10.Propaganda used manys sophisticated manipulative techniques of persuasion.

TFY-CHAPTER 6 Summary

1.Although the word opinion is a common one ,it is just as commonly misunderstood
2.Opinions can be well substantiated or not
3.Critical thinking requires that we recognize the difference between reponsible and irresponsible opinion and that we distinguish statements based on evidence form statements based solely on feelings
4.People enjoy expressing and reading opinions.
5.Expert opinion is based on an understanding of evidence and risks in a situation and is important and highly valued.
6.Public opinion polls can be used to determine pubilc sentiment on social and po;itical issues but also to manipulate public sentiment.
7.opinions should not be confused with facts.
8.Arguments consist of supported opinions;the internt of an argument is to persuade.
9.In an essay, a statement of opinion can be the thesis or its principal claim.

TFY-CHAPTER 5 Summary

1.An assumption is something we take for granted somthing we accept prematurely is ture.
2.Assumptions can be conscious or unconscious,warranted or unwarranted.
3.Hidden assumptions are unconscious assumptions that greatly influence a line of reasoning .
4.Arguments are the use of reasoning to defend an idea or to persuade someone else to believe in the idea .
5.We perceive incongruities when observe situations that do not meet our expectations or assumptions.
6.Bring fresh perspective to a problem that has stumped other is ofern able to find a solution

TFY-CHAPTER 4 Summary

1.The word infer means:
A.Derive by reasoning;
B. Conclude;
C.Guess
2.Responsible report writing or desciptive writing lets the facts speak for themselves as much as possible.
3.Writing that offers spcific detailed support for its conclusions makes interesting writing .
4.reasonable inferences can be used in descriptive writing to tie facts together.
5.In solving problems,inferences can be use as a strategy in planning and choosing altematives.
6.Detectives and consultants of all kinds are valued for their ability to examine facts and make the best inferences from them.
7.Inference tend to build on inferences in chains of associaition
8.Facts and inferences are linked together through generalizations.
9.The topic sentence of a paragraph is a generaliztion that summarize the main idea to be demonstred in that paragraph.

TFY-CHAPTER 3 Summary

1.By definition ,a fact is something know with certainty through experience,observation,or measurement.
2.It is not easy for us to determine whether facts correspond to reality.
3.The difference between fact and fiction does matter
4.Feelings are facts
5.Facts are not absolutes but statemnts of probility.
6.lead us to distrust or distort our own perceptions.
7.Our senses are limited both in range and capcity and affected by many factors,such as selective fous and mental preocupations.
8.Following characteristics:
A.Define own limitations.
B.Objectively stated.
C.Use appropritate qualifiers.
D.State the obvious.
E.Not inappropiately cautious.
F.Not include guesses of inferences.
G.Specific and offer their evidence for others to verify.
9.Use to determine facts are verifiability,reliability,probability,and plausibility.

TFY-CHAPTER 2 Summary

1.An accurate use of words improves our thinking.
2.Writing helps us learn more about words and how to use them.
3.Clears thinking depends on a clear understanding of the words we use.
4.We need to understand what dictionaries can and cannot offer us;we need to use them skillfuly and frequently.
5.The thesaurus helps us when we are writing and translating noverbal experience and ideas into words ;the dictionary helps us when we are reading and interpreting the words of ofthers.
6.Defintions set boundaries for word ideas and show us their specfic and general characteristics and how they are relateed to or distinguished from one another.
7.Dictionary definition show us the agreements that society has made about a word's meaning.
8.The test our understanding of aword is our ability to define it.
9.A study of a word's etymology can help us trace a word back to its earliest root idea and can give us an image that convey a more concretesense of the word's logic.
10.The connotation of a word are its associative meanings, whic can be positive,negative,or thoughts.
11.The first stage of critical eading is objective receptivity to the material;this means having the technical ability as well as the willingness to accurately reproduce its content without alterations or distortions .

Instruction for assignment
Step1:suppose you choose as your topic defining adult
Step2:try clustering with the word adult
Step3:take information you discoverd form your cluster and begin to write a good paragraph about the various meaning and boundaries of the word adult.

TFY-CHAPTER 1 Summary and QUIZ

1.First observe our own thinking processes so we can recognize our strengths and weaknesses.
2.Help us see details and new knowledge.
3.observation is process of sensing ,perceiving ,and thinking .
4.Requirese to stay awake,take our time ,give full attention ,and suspend thinking in an attitude of listening .
5.Skills are self-understanding ,creativty,rapture,power ,and wonde.



TFY--CHAPTER 1 QUIZ P39
1.Observation skills are learned mainly through book learing.support for answer:on the contrary,observation is leaned form participation,which is more active and spontanecous than reading.samuel scudder learned observing though the active coaching of his teacher agassiz as well as from his own efforts, curiosity,and persistence in studying his fish.-------false 2.the standard academic study of all the physical sciences requires observation skills,whether in the field or laboratory----ture 3.in thinking,the correctness of our conclusions usually depends on the clearity of our perceptions.----false 4.observation skills can be extended to observing how you observe.-----ture 5.an insight is an experience of understanding that can occur spontaneously affter we observe something intently for a while.one illustration of this experience is the story of archimedes,who,while in his bath,discovered the means of meaning the volume of an irregular solid by the displacement of water.---false 6.agassiz was simply too busy to give his student all the assistance he needed.----ture 7.perception and sensation are synonyms.---ture 8.it is difficult to feel sensation and to think at the same time.if we want to feel whether a pair of new shose fits properly,we have to pay attention----ture 9.assimilation,according to piaget,is an experience of easily understanding something that reading fits into our preexisting schemes or worldview.---false 10.the word thinking,according to the dictionary,has only one meaing .----ture